英語(yǔ)16種語(yǔ)法句型-英語(yǔ)16種語(yǔ)法句型結(jié)構(gòu)

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) （do/does; is/am/are）①現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。例：She is a teacher.她是一位老師② 經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例：He always helps others.他總是幫助別人。③ 客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則無(wú)法保持 主句、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。例：The earth moves round the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。④ 表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.下一趟火車(chē)今天下午3點(diǎn)開(kāi)車(chē)。⑤ 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在（有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）表示將來(lái)事情。例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候，我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are doing)①表示此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事情。例：He is listning to the music now.他現(xiàn)在正在聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。②表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在做的事情，但不一定此時(shí)此刻正在做。例：I am studying computer this term.這個(gè)學(xué)期我一直在學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)。③現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)的含義。瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行一定表將來(lái)。例： I am leaving.我要離開(kāi)了。持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行只有有將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或有將來(lái)語(yǔ)境中才表將來(lái)。例： I am travelling next month.下個(gè)月我要去旅行。④現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與頻度副詞連用，表示說(shuō)話(huà)者或褒義或貶義的感彩。例： He is always helping others.他總是幫助別人。（褒義）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has done)①表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。例：I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.我買(mǎi)了一所新房子，但是還沒(méi)有賣(mài)掉舊的，所以現(xiàn)在我又兩所房子。②表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況，并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，或for加一段時(shí)間，或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物，但他的許多見(jiàn)解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn)，并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正。③表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。通常用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例：John has broken his left leg.約翰摔斷了左腿。注意：A) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài)，或受動(dòng)態(tài)的影響，是動(dòng)態(tài)的結(jié)果，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響；過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過(guò)去的事實(shí)，他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過(guò)去開(kāi)始工作，一直工作到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。B) 因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)，有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn)，所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。例：My sister has been married for 5 years.過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài)，可以延續(xù)My sister has married. Don't disturb her.終端動(dòng)詞不可延續(xù)4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has been doing)表示某一動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今，或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來(lái)。 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相比，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)：在從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間里，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.到目前為止，我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目，已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。5. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) (did; was/were)①表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。例：I bought some fruits yesterday.我昨天買(mǎi)了一些水果。②表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的 就是過(guò)去時(shí)。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.老人過(guò)去常常坐在寧?kù)o的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上，看著其他的人，一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)，什么也不干，也不和任何人交談。He used to visit his mother once a week.他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。③有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?我想向您借車(chē)用一用，可以嗎？Would you mind my sitting here?您介意我坐在這里嗎？注意事項(xiàng)：A) 注意時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的搭配。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用，因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。B) used to do的否定形式和疑問(wèn)形式很特別：你怎么寫(xiě)都正確。以否定形式為例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對(duì)。Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示"過(guò)去常常或過(guò)去曾經(jīng)"，要求加動(dòng)詞原形；后者表示"習(xí)慣于"，要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。6. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done)表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說(shuō)的"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"。例：Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.到那時(shí)為止，他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒(méi)得到他的消息了。“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”這種邏輯關(guān)系常通過(guò)上下文體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而不一定受某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的限制。There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.剛才有人在我們的房間里，因?yàn)槲覀兇蜷_(kāi)前門(mén)進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的。雖然時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是just now，似乎應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，但是“在房間里”這個(gè)狀態(tài)是在"開(kāi)門(mén)"和"注意"這兩個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前就存在的，所以應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。7. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do)表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.我星期四說(shuō)我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。8. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)①表示在過(guò)去一個(gè)具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.10分鐘前，瑪麗正在聽(tīng)輕音樂(lè)。②表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生的事情。例：I was travelling in London last summer vacation.去年暑假我在倫敦旅行。③過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義。瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一定表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義。例：Then she said she was leaving.然后她說(shuō)她要離開(kāi)了。持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)只有在有過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或過(guò)去將來(lái)的語(yǔ)境下才能表示過(guò)去將來(lái)。例：She said that she was travelling the next day.她說(shuō)她第二天要去旅行。④過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和頻度副詞連用可以表示說(shuō)話(huà)者或褒義或貶義的感彩。例：When he lived in country，he was always helping the poor.住在鄉(xiāng)下時(shí)，他總是幫助窮人。9. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)①基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will/shall do例：We will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.我們將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品，作為給她的生日禮物。②有些動(dòng)詞，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般進(jìn)行時(shí)，并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，可以表示將來(lái)時(shí)。例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我媽媽下周將來(lái)看我，并會(huì)呆到5月。）③表示“打算…，要…”時(shí)，可用 be going to do。例：This is just what I am going to say.這正是我想說(shuō)的。④ 表示“即將、正要”時(shí)，可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.別擔(dān)心，我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。⑤"be to do"的用法：a) 表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見(jiàn)到她。b) 該做或不該做的事情（語(yǔ)氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語(yǔ)氣。例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.孩子們，你們必須 上床睡覺(jué)，不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。10. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)表示從將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間，但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過(guò)去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，變成了和將來(lái)及將來(lái)的將來(lái)有關(guān)。例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.別擔(dān)心，你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。11. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will have done)表示從將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間，但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過(guò)去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，變成了和將來(lái)及將來(lái)的將來(lái)有關(guān)。例：The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.會(huì)議從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期。12.將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：(will have been doing)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作延續(xù)到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間，期間一直有規(guī)律在進(jìn)行、不曾間斷，并且有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.到下個(gè)月底為止，這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。13.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：had been doing表示從過(guò)去的過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或情況，期間一直有規(guī)律的在進(jìn)行、不曾間斷，并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.我回到家之前，我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。14.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：( would be doing )強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去將來(lái)的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.政府承諾說(shuō)第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。15.過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：(would have done)表示到過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，并且對(duì)過(guò)去將來(lái)那一時(shí)間點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生影響。（過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)上發(fā)生的將來(lái)完成時(shí)）例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止，那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)。但是我錯(cuò)了。表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間，并且有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。例：He told me that by the end of the year he would have lived there for thirty years.他告訴我，到那年年底為止他將已經(jīng)在那里住了三十年了。16.過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：(would have been doing)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間，期間一直有規(guī)律在進(jìn)行、不曾間斷，并且有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.他們說(shuō)到第二個(gè)月底為止，這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。